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Gender has been an important theme explored in speculative fiction. The genres that make up speculative fiction (SF), science fiction, fantasy, supernatural horror and related genres (utopian literature), have always offered the opportunity for writers to explore social conventions, including gender, gender roles, and beliefs about gender. Like all literary forms, the science fiction genre reflects the popular perceptions of the eras in which individual creators were writing; and those creators' responses to gender stereotypes and gender roles. Many writers have chosen to write with little or no questioning of gender roles, instead effectively reflecting their own cultural gender roles onto their fictional world. However, many other writers have chosen to use science fiction and non-realistic formats in order to explore cultural conventions, particularly gender roles. This article discusses works that have explored or expanded the treatment of gender in science fiction. In addition to the traditional human genders, science fiction has extended the idea of gender to hypothetical alien species and robots, and imagined trans-real genders, such as with aliens that are truly hermaphroditic or have a "third" gender, or robots that can change gender at will or are without gender. ==Critical analysis== Science fiction has been described as a useful tool for examining society attitudes to and conceptions of gender;〔Attebery, p. 1〕 this is particularly true of literature, more so than for other media.〔 The conventions of speculative fiction genres encourage writers to explore the subject of biological sex and present alternative models for societies and characters with different beliefs about gender.〔Attebery, p. 4.〕 Extrapolation of an initial speculative premise can as easily start from an idea about marriage customs or chromosomes as a technological change.〔 In spite of this potential, SF has been said to present only ideas about sex and gender that are fashionable or controversial in the present day, which it then projects into a future or fantasy setting.〔 Science fiction in particular has traditionally been a puritanical genre orientated toward a male readership,〔Clute, John & Nicholls, Peter,''The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'', "Sex" p. 1088, 2nd Ed., (1999), Orbit, Great Britain, ISBN 1-85723-897-4〕 and has been described as being by men for men, or sometimes for boys.〔Clute, John & Nicholls, Peter,''The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'', Lisa Tuttle, "Women as portrayed in Science Fiction" p. 1343, 2nd Ed., (1999), Orbit, Great Britain, ISBN 1-85723-897-4〕 Most of the stereotypical tropes of science fiction, such as aliens, robots or superpowers can be employed in such a way as to be metaphors for gender.〔Attebery, p. 5.〕 Fantasy has been perceived as more accepting of women compared to science fiction or horror (and offering more roles than historical fiction or romance), yet seldom attempts to question or subvert the bias toward male superiority.〔Clute, John & John Grant,''The Encyclopedia of Fantasy'', "Gender" p. 393, 1st Ed., (1997), Orbit, Great Britain, ISBN 1-85723-368-9〕 Science fiction's tendency to look to the future and imagine different societies gives it the potential to examine gender roles and preconceptions, whereas the use of archetypes and quasi-historical settings in fantasy has often included patriarchy.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gender in speculative fiction」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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